<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

/**
 * CakePHP(tm) : Rapid Development Framework (https://cakephp.org)
 * Copyright (c) Cake Software Foundation, Inc. (https://cakefoundation.org)
 *
 * Licensed under The MIT License
 * For full copyright and license information, please see the LICENSE.txt
 * Redistributions of files must retain the above copyright notice.
 *
 * @copyright     Copyright (c) Cake Software Foundation, Inc. (https://cakefoundation.org)
 * @link          https://cakephp.org CakePHP(tm) Project
 * @since         4.3.0
 * @license       https://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php MIT License
 */
namespace Cake\Database\Expression;

use Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface;
use Cake\Database\Type\ExpressionTypeCasterTrait;
use Cake\Database\TypedResultInterface;
use Cake\Database\TypeMapTrait;
use Cake\Database\ValueBinder;
use Closure;
use InvalidArgumentException;
use LogicException;

/**
 * Represents a SQL case statement with a fluid API
 */
class CaseStatementExpression implements ExpressionInterface, TypedResultInterface
{
    use CaseExpressionTrait;
    use ExpressionTypeCasterTrait;
    use TypeMapTrait;

    /**
     * The names of the clauses that are valid for use with the
     * `clause()` method.
     *
     * @var list<string>
     */
    protected array $validClauseNames = [
        'value',
        'when',
        'else',
    ];

    /**
     * Whether this is a simple case expression.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected bool $isSimpleVariant = false;

    /**
     * The case value.
     *
     * @var \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|object|scalar|null
     */
    protected mixed $value = null;

    /**
     * The case value type.
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    protected ?string $valueType = null;

    /**
     * The `WHEN ... THEN ...` expressions.
     *
     * @var array<\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression>
     */
    protected array $when = [];

    /**
     * Buffer that holds values and types for use with `then()`.
     *
     * @var array|null
     */
    protected ?array $whenBuffer = null;

    /**
     * The else part result value.
     *
     * @var \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|object|scalar|null
     */
    protected mixed $else = null;

    /**
     * The else part result type.
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    protected ?string $elseType = null;

    /**
     * The return type.
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    protected ?string $returnType = null;

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * When a value is set, the syntax generated is
     * `CASE case_value WHEN when_value ... END` (simple case),
     * where the `when_value`'s are compared against the
     * `case_value`.
     *
     * When no value is set, the syntax generated is
     * `CASE WHEN when_conditions ... END` (searched case),
     * where the conditions hold the comparisons.
     *
     * Note that `null` is a valid case value, and thus should
     * only be passed if you actually want to create the simple
     * case expression variant!
     *
     * @param \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|object|scalar|null $value The case value.
     * @param string|null $type The case value type. If no type is provided, the type will be tried to be inferred
     *  from the value.
     */
    public function __construct(mixed $value = null, ?string $type = null)
    {
        if (func_num_args() > 0) {
            if (
                $value !== null &&
                !is_scalar($value) &&
                !(is_object($value) && !($value instanceof Closure))
            ) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
                    'The `$value` argument must be either `null`, a scalar value, an object, ' .
                    'or an instance of `\%s`, `%s` given.',
                    ExpressionInterface::class,
                    get_debug_type($value),
                ));
            }

            $this->value = $value;

            if (
                $value !== null &&
                $type === null &&
                !($value instanceof ExpressionInterface)
            ) {
                $type = $this->inferType($value);
            }
            $this->valueType = $type;

            $this->isSimpleVariant = true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the `WHEN` value for a `WHEN ... THEN ...` expression, or a
     * self-contained expression that holds both the value for `WHEN`
     * and the value for `THEN`.
     *
     * ### Order based syntax
     *
     * When passing a value other than a self-contained
     * `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`,
     * instance, the `WHEN ... THEN ...` statement must be closed off with
     * a call to `then()` before invoking `when()` again or `else()`:
     *
     * ```
     * $queryExpression
     *     ->case($query->identifier('Table.column'))
     *     ->when(true)
     *     ->then('Yes')
     *     ->when(false)
     *     ->then('No')
     *     ->else('Maybe');
     * ```
     *
     * ### Self-contained expressions
     *
     * When passing an instance of `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`,
     * being it directly, or via a callable, then there is no need to close
     * using `then()` on this object, instead the statement will be closed
     * on the `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`
     * object using
     * `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression::then()`.
     *
     * Callables will receive an instance of `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`,
     * and must return one, being it the same object, or a custom one:
     *
     * ```
     * $queryExpression
     *     ->case()
     *     ->when(function (\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression $whenThen) {
     *         return $whenThen
     *             ->when(['Table.column' => true])
     *             ->then('Yes');
     *     })
     *     ->when(function (\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression $whenThen) {
     *         return $whenThen
     *             ->when(['Table.column' => false])
     *             ->then('No');
     *     })
     *     ->else('Maybe');
     * ```
     *
     * ### Type handling
     *
     * The types provided via the `$type` argument will be merged with the
     * type map set for this expression. When using callables for `$when`,
     * the `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`
     * instance received by the callables will inherit that type map, however
     * the types passed here will _not_ be merged in case of using callables,
     * instead the types must be passed in
     * `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression::when()`:
     *
     * ```
     * $queryExpression
     *     ->case()
     *     ->when(function (\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression $whenThen) {
     *         return $whenThen
     *             ->when(['unmapped_column' => true], ['unmapped_column' => 'bool'])
     *             ->then('Yes');
     *     })
     *     ->when(function (\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression $whenThen) {
     *         return $whenThen
     *             ->when(['unmapped_column' => false], ['unmapped_column' => 'bool'])
     *             ->then('No');
     *     })
     *     ->else('Maybe');
     * ```
     *
     * ### User data safety
     *
     * When passing user data, be aware that allowing a user defined array
     * to be passed, is a potential SQL injection vulnerability, as it
     * allows for raw SQL to slip in!
     *
     * The following is _unsafe_ usage that must be avoided:
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *      ->when($userData)
     * ```
     *
     * A safe variant for the above would be to define a single type for
     * the value:
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *      ->when($userData, 'integer')
     * ```
     *
     * This way an exception would be triggered when an array is passed for
     * the value, thus preventing raw SQL from slipping in, and all other
     * types of values would be forced to be bound as an integer.
     *
     * Another way to safely pass user data is when using a conditions
     * array, and passing user data only on the value side of the array
     * entries, which will cause them to be bound:
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *      ->when([
     *          'Table.column' => $userData,
     *      ])
     * ```
     *
     * Lastly, data can also be bound manually:
     *
     * ```
     * $query
     *      ->select([
     *          'val' => $query->newExpr()
     *              ->case()
     *              ->when($query->newExpr(':userData'))
     *              ->then(123)
     *      ])
     *      ->bind(':userData', $userData, 'integer')
     * ```
     *
     * @param \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|\Closure|object|array|scalar $when The `WHEN` value. When using an
     *  array of conditions, it must be compatible with `\Cake\Database\Query::where()`. Note that this argument is
     *  _not_ completely safe for use with user data, as a user supplied array would allow for raw SQL to slip in! If
     *  you plan to use user data, either pass a single type for the `$type` argument (which forces the `$when` value to
     *  be a non-array, and then always binds the data), use a conditions array where the user data is only passed on
     *  the value side of the array entries, or custom bindings!
     * @param array<string, string>|string|null $type The when value type. Either an associative array when using array style
     *  conditions, or else a string. If no type is provided, the type will be tried to be inferred from the value.
     * @return $this
     * @throws \LogicException In case this a closing `then()` call is required before calling this method.
     * @throws \LogicException In case the callable doesn't return an instance of
     *  `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`.
     */
    public function when(mixed $when, array|string|null $type = null)
    {
        if ($this->whenBuffer !== null) {
            throw new LogicException('Cannot call `when()` between `when()` and `then()`.');
        }

        if ($when instanceof Closure) {
            $when = $when(new WhenThenExpression($this->getTypeMap()));
            if (!($when instanceof WhenThenExpression)) {
                throw new LogicException(sprintf(
                    '`when()` callables must return an instance of `\%s`, `%s` given.',
                    WhenThenExpression::class,
                    get_debug_type($when),
                ));
            }
        }

        if ($when instanceof WhenThenExpression) {
            $this->when[] = $when;
        } else {
            $this->whenBuffer = ['when' => $when, 'type' => $type];
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the `THEN` result value for the last `WHEN ... THEN ...`
     * statement that was opened using `when()`.
     *
     * ### Order based syntax
     *
     * This method can only be invoked in case `when()` was previously
     * used with a value other than a closure or an instance of
     * `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`:
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *     ->when(['Table.column' => true])
     *     ->then('Yes')
     *     ->when(['Table.column' => false])
     *     ->then('No')
     *     ->else('Maybe');
     * ```
     *
     * The following would all fail with an exception:
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *     ->when(['Table.column' => true])
     *     ->when(['Table.column' => false])
     *     // ...
     * ```
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *     ->when(['Table.column' => true])
     *     ->else('Maybe')
     *     // ...
     * ```
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *     ->then('Yes')
     *     // ...
     * ```
     *
     * ```
     * $case
     *     ->when(['Table.column' => true])
     *     ->then('Yes')
     *     ->then('No')
     *     // ...
     * ```
     *
     * @param \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|object|scalar|null $result The result value.
     * @param string|null $type The result type. If no type is provided, the type will be tried to be inferred from the
     *  value.
     * @return $this
     * @throws \LogicException In case `when()` wasn't previously called with a value other than a closure or an
     *  instance of `\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression`.
     */
    public function then(mixed $result, ?string $type = null)
    {
        if ($this->whenBuffer === null) {
            throw new LogicException('Cannot call `then()` before `when()`.');
        }

        $whenThen = (new WhenThenExpression($this->getTypeMap()))
            ->when($this->whenBuffer['when'], $this->whenBuffer['type'])
            ->then($result, $type);

        $this->whenBuffer = null;

        $this->when[] = $whenThen;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the `ELSE` result value.
     *
     * @param \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|object|scalar|null $result The result value.
     * @param string|null $type The result type. If no type is provided, the type will be tried to be inferred from the
     *  value.
     * @return $this
     * @throws \LogicException In case a closing `then()` call is required before calling this method.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException In case the `$result` argument is neither a scalar value, nor an object, an
     *  instance of `\Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface`, or `null`.
     */
    public function else(mixed $result, ?string $type = null)
    {
        if ($this->whenBuffer !== null) {
            throw new LogicException('Cannot call `else()` between `when()` and `then()`.');
        }

        if (
            $result !== null &&
            !is_scalar($result) &&
            !(is_object($result) && !($result instanceof Closure))
        ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
                'The `$result` argument must be either `null`, a scalar value, an object, ' .
                'or an instance of `\%s`, `%s` given.',
                ExpressionInterface::class,
                get_debug_type($result),
            ));
        }

        $type ??= $this->inferType($result);

        $this->else = $result;
        $this->elseType = $type;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the abstract type that this expression will return.
     *
     * If no type has been explicitly set via `setReturnType()`, this
     * method will try to obtain the type from the result types of the
     * `then()` and `else() `calls. All types must be identical in order
     * for this to work, otherwise the type will default to `string`.
     *
     * @return string
     * @see CaseStatementExpression::then()
     */
    public function getReturnType(): string
    {
        if ($this->returnType !== null) {
            return $this->returnType;
        }

        $types = [];
        foreach ($this->when as $when) {
            $type = $when->getResultType();
            if ($type !== null) {
                $types[] = $type;
            }
        }

        if ($this->elseType !== null) {
            $types[] = $this->elseType;
        }

        $types = array_unique($types);
        if (count($types) === 1) {
            return $types[0];
        }

        return 'string';
    }

    /**
     * Sets the abstract type that this expression will return.
     *
     * If no type is being explicitly set via this method, then the
     * `getReturnType()` method will try to infer the type from the
     * result types of the `then()` and `else() `calls.
     *
     * @param string $type The type name to use.
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setReturnType(string $type)
    {
        $this->returnType = $type;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the available data for the given clause.
     *
     * ### Available clauses
     *
     * The following clause names are available:
     *
     * * `value`: The case value for a `CASE case_value WHEN ...` expression.
     * * `when`: An array of `WHEN ... THEN ...` expressions.
     * * `else`: The `ELSE` result value.
     *
     * @param string $clause The name of the clause to obtain.
     * @return \Cake\Database\ExpressionInterface|object|array<\Cake\Database\Expression\WhenThenExpression>|scalar|null
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException In case the given clause name is invalid.
     */
    public function clause(string $clause): mixed
    {
        if (!in_array($clause, $this->validClauseNames, true)) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                sprintf(
                    'The `$clause` argument must be one of `%s`, the given value `%s` is invalid.',
                    implode('`, `', $this->validClauseNames),
                    $clause,
                ),
            );
        }

        return $this->{$clause};
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function sql(ValueBinder $binder): string
    {
        if ($this->whenBuffer !== null) {
            throw new LogicException('Case expression has incomplete when clause. Missing `then()` after `when()`.');
        }

        if (!$this->when) {
            throw new LogicException('Case expression must have at least one when statement.');
        }

        $value = '';
        if ($this->isSimpleVariant) {
            $value = $this->compileNullableValue($binder, $this->value, $this->valueType) . ' ';
        }

        $whenThenExpressions = [];
        foreach ($this->when as $whenThen) {
            $whenThenExpressions[] = $whenThen->sql($binder);
        }
        $whenThen = implode(' ', $whenThenExpressions);

        $else = $this->compileNullableValue($binder, $this->else, $this->elseType);

        return "CASE {$value}{$whenThen} ELSE {$else} END";
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function traverse(Closure $callback)
    {
        if ($this->whenBuffer !== null) {
            throw new LogicException('Case expression has incomplete when clause. Missing `then()` after `when()`.');
        }

        if ($this->value instanceof ExpressionInterface) {
            $callback($this->value);
            $this->value->traverse($callback);
        }

        foreach ($this->when as $when) {
            $callback($when);
            $when->traverse($callback);
        }

        if ($this->else instanceof ExpressionInterface) {
            $callback($this->else);
            $this->else->traverse($callback);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Clones the inner expression objects.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function __clone()
    {
        if ($this->whenBuffer !== null) {
            throw new LogicException('Case expression has incomplete when clause. Missing `then()` after `when()`.');
        }

        if ($this->value instanceof ExpressionInterface) {
            $this->value = clone $this->value;
        }

        foreach ($this->when as $key => $when) {
            $this->when[$key] = clone $this->when[$key];
        }

        if ($this->else instanceof ExpressionInterface) {
            $this->else = clone $this->else;
        }
    }
}
